The Influence of Rationalism on the French Revolution

Ben Jorgensen Professor Wakefield English 5 3 April 2013 The Influence of Rationalism on the French Revolution What was the main thrust behind the French Revolution? Numerous individuals may state it was money related, or political, and keeping in mind that I would concur that these things were a piece of the power that pushed the French Revolution, I would declare that the methods of reasoning of the Enlightenment were the prevailing power that impacted late eighteenth century France into unrest .In his article, â€Å"The French Revolution: Ideas and Ideologies â€Å"Maurice Cranston of History Today verbalizes that the Enlightenment ways of thinking were crucial in the transformations commencement. He composes that: â€Å"The philosophes without a doubt gave the thoughts. † Cranston proceeds to compose that: â€Å"†¦the unfurling of the Revolution, what was thought, information disclosed, and what was supported, was communicated in wording and classifications that or iginated from political scholars of the Enlightenment. While a large number of the Enlightenment ideas added to the insurgency, I would recommend that the way of thinking of logic was central to the French Revolution in light of its dependence on reason, and its resistance to odd notion. Realism in its epistemology is characterized by the Online Oxford Dictionary as: â€Å"A conviction or hypothesis that assessments and activities ought to be founded on reason and information as opposed to on strict conviction or passionate reaction. The Online Encyclopedia Britannica includes: â€Å"Holding that reality itself has a characteristically legitimate structure, the pragmatist affirms that a class of certainties exists that the mind can get a handle on straightforwardly. † There are numerous sorts and articulations of realism, yet the most compelling articulations of logic relating to the French Revolution were in morals and transcendentalism. The main current pragmatist logician was Rene Descartes (1596-1650).The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy expresses that: â€Å"Descartes is known as the dad of present day theory correctly in light of the fact that he started the supposed epistemological turn that is with us still. † Descartes enthusiasm for theory originated from an interest with the topic of whether people could know anything without a doubt. Descartes wanted to make a way of thinking that was as strong as state the ideas of variable based math, or geometry, a way of thinking dependent on quantifiable explanation and logic.In along these lines, Rene Descartes established the framework for methods of reasoning based on reason instead of strange notion, boss among them: logic. While Rene Descartes characterized the terms and set out the plan for the way of thinking of realism, Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) and Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) finished the group of three for the central scholars of logic. Spinoza and Leibniz took the terms and plan of Descartes theory of logic, and built up their own perspectives on logic, both distributing various books, and diaries on their realist philosophies.Although these early present day savants of logic didn't legitimately impact the French Revolution, it can't be questioned that their general epistemological way of thinking of logic made another perspective in which man was not appointed by God to govern over other men, yet that it was through explanation of the brain that man decided to be ruler or subject. The French Revolution started between the years 1787 and 1789.It is no big surprise that the transformation happened as of now when the Enlightenment was in its prime, sparkling light onto the social and policy driven issues of the day with new ways of thinking like realism that tested the old feudalistic and monarchist systems of Europe that were based on silliness and strange notion. William Doyle, in his book, â€Å"The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction,† pa sses on that the French Revolution was: â€Å"†¦triggered by King Louis XVI’s endeavor to maintain a strategic distance from chapter 11. (19) However, while the trigger was budgetary, the social and political thunderings of the Third bequest is the thing that shook, and toppled the old system under Louis XVI, afterword which came to be known as the ancien system by the French individuals. Creator William Doyle says that: â€Å"In political terms pre-progressive France was a flat out government. The King imparted his forces to no one, and was responsible for its activity to no one however God. (21) The ancien system government needed explanation, yet was overflowing with too much of celestial laws and rights that the â€Å"creator† had set up so as to protect social steadiness. Truth be told, as Doyle calls attention to in his book, this idea that God had presented an awesome law to be followed was legitimately expressed in a record that parliament composed: â₠¬Å"This social request isn't just fundamental to the act of each stable government: it has its starting point in divine law. (24) The record proceeds to state that: â€Å"The limitless and unchanging knowledge in the arrangement of the universe built up an inconsistent circulation of solidarity and character, essentially bringing about imbalance in the states of men inside the common order†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (24) This report summarized the ancien systems philosophy: God has set the lord the ministry, and privileged over the everyday citizens and that is the manner by which it is, on the grounds that that is the means by which it has been.The words unreasonable, divine, and eccentric come up ordinarily while depicting the ancien systems government and society; truth be told, these things were really indispensable to the upkeep of government and society in France during the ancien system. In reality, you were unable to have this type of government without divine law, nonsensical associati on, and odd convictions. The thunderings of the French Revolution started as paces of education increased.With the ascent in proficiency, the French individuals requested more papers, and books, and as much as the gentry and Church attempted to channel what the open read, the French individuals started to peruse the works of thinkers like, Leibniz, Spinoza, Descartes, Voltaire, and Montesquieu. With this expansion in education, and in this way information, the French individuals turned out to be more engaged with legislative issues than they initially had been. Presently Louis the XVI was examined for his activities, for his misusing of his residents finances.Now the individuals of France generally expected their King to represent his kin in recognition of laws, as a delegate of the individuals, rather than a man who had divine predominance over them. William Doyle composes that: â€Å" in the eighteenth century these desires were fortified by the across the board conviction that s ince nature had herself (as Isaac Newton had appeared) worked by constant laws and not divine fancy, human undertakings ought to likewise be directed so far as was conceivable as per fixed and normal standards, established in reasonability, in which the extent of intervention was diminished to a base. To have an administration and society â€Å"Rooted in rationality† was what the French progressives so enthusiastically battled to achieve. In his book Europe in Retrospect, Raymond F. Betts composes that â€Å"It must be recalled that the French Revolution was the principal significant social unrest, of far more noteworthy measurements and of more profound reason than the American Revolution that had gone before it. Betts keeps on clarifying in his book that the belief system of the French Revolution was novel for its time in what it tried to achieve, and a big motivator for it: â€Å"To clear away the old and start the new was the liberal arrangement; it was predicated upon the suspicion that human instinct was basically acceptable, humankind basically reasonable, and the reason forever the ‘pursuit of natural satisfaction. † The suspicion that mankind was judicious was a conviction that the progressives embraced, however I would likewise say that the French Revolution was based on a conviction that administration, society, and the individual were all fit for flourishing with reason, to some extent on the way of thinking of realism. Albeit numerous occasions that occurred during the French Revolution were questionable, and now and again the activities taken by the progressives were unreasonable, the French Revolution began from a position of enlightenment.Indeed, all the more explicitly, from the methods of reasoning of the Enlightenment, and keeping in mind that a significant number of the ways of thinking of the Enlightenment added to the origin of the French Revolution, the way of thinking of realism negated such a large amount of pre-r progressive French society that to buy in to logic around then was a transformation in itself. Steven Kreis of The History Guide. com sums up the possible aftereffects of the Revolution smoothly expressing that: â€Å"Man had entered a phase in mankind's history described by his liberation from odd notion, preference, savagery and enthusiasm.Liberty had triumphed over oppression. New establishments were made on the establishments of reason and equity and not authority or visually impaired confidence. The boundaries to opportunity, freedom, equity and fellowship were torn down. Man had been discharged from supernatural torment and was presently impacting the world forever! † Works Cited Cranston, Maurice. â€Å"The French Revolution: Ideas and Ideologies. † History Today. History Today, 1989. Web. 2 Apr. 2013. Doyle, William. The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: New York, 2001. Print.Kreis, Steven. â€Å"Lecture 11: The Origins of the French Revolu tion. † Lecture 11: The Origins of the French Revolution. The History Guide. com, 30 Oct. 2006. Web. 02 Apr. 2013. Lennon, Thomas M. , and Shannon Dea. â€Å"Continental Rationalism. † The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Fall 2012 ed. N. d. Web. â€Å"Rationalism Definition. † Oxford Dictionaries Online (US). N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Apr. 2013. â€Å"Rationalism†. Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online. Encyclop? dia Britannica Inc. , 2013. Web. 02 Apr. 2013

“That lightsaber belongs to me!”: Star Wars the Gender Swap

Quite a while prior in a cosmic system far away†¦ the very words that started one of the world's generally perceived and entrenched establishments. Star Wars, a dearest arrangement that keeps on having a consistently developing fan base. In any case, when one considers the fan base of the film arrangement, it is anything but difficult to connect its picture with that of a male figure. During the first set of three fans had Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, Obi-Wan Kenobi, Darth Vader and Princess Leia. In the prequels there was Anakin, Mace Windu, Count Dooku, Yoda, and Padame. Seeing a pattern here? These characters somewhat satisfy the job of the prototype male saint with a female partner, which is something the crowd is acclimated with seeing, however normally they are not no different. Why would that be? Maybe that is simply the inquiry watchers should pose to when watching anything from the Star Wars arrangement. It is nothing unexpected that Star Wars is an arrangement cherished by numerous individuals all through the world, as it offers a feeling of sci-fi and epic interpretation of imagination. Nonetheless, it has been perceived to have somewhat of a sexual orientation issue or experience the ill effects of what is known as the â€Å"Smurfette Effect†. Much like its partners in Lord of the Rings, and Harry Potter, which offers numerous male-drove jobs, joined by a couple of other female jobs. In the first set of three †scenes four through six †the three primary characters that stood out were perceived as Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamil), Han Solo (Harrison Ford), and Leia Organa (Carrie Fisher). In any case, the job that stood apart the most was that of Princess Leia, known as the pioneer of the dissident collusion, and notorious figure who had the mental fortitude and potential to disassemble the tasks of the individuals who tried to annihilate all that she represented. She even was introduced the chance to spare such male jobs and stayed as the main enabled female character all through every one of the three unique movies. Be that as it may, this was completely seen as an optional idea as the jobs played by men were viewed as the essential element to the arrangement, however this despite everything was viewed as a significant forward leap for females in film. Around the time the arrangement was discharged the job and thought for a solid female lead character to exist was progressive and majorly affected the manner in which watchers and executives took a gander at films and the manner in which female jobs were taken care of. This obviously would set the way for future movies to be discharged. We would see this by and by when the prequel films were discharged †scenes one through 3 †as characters, for example, Padme Amidalla, Keira Knightley, and other female Jedi jobs became visible. By and by these characters were depicted to be ladies of intensity and saw as an extraordinary significance to people in general. Be that as it may, by and by these highlights were seen as a doubt and taken behind the jobs of men and their significance to the arrangement. Making it nothing unexpected that the objective segment for the arrangement was prevalently male-situated. In spite of this, Star Wars has a group of people of female fans equivalent to those of their male partners and with such an enormous number of female fans. You would imagine that the universe would have progressively populated with jobs of lady sparkling past or sharing the jobs of men. Tragically, this was not the case and ladies introduced were frequently appeared to miss the mark regarding being any kind of good example like figure. It was viewed as if young men somehow managed to watch Star Wars films, they can revere or plays as Obi-Wan or Anakin, characters who were depicted to be sly, valiant, and would confront peril head on. Young ladies then again, would they say they should bolster being accommodating, and needing a legend like that of Leia and Padme? Was this the pattern that the entirety of the arrangement movies would succumb to? Ladies relying upon men to shape and care for their prospects? These kinds of inquiries stayed unanswered for a very long time, until ongoing years when the Star Wars establishment declared it would come back to the big screen in 2015 under the name â€Å"Star Wars: The Force Awakens†. Be that as it may, this would not be a â€Å"per usual† Star Wars film ruled by white male men and their optional female partners. No, this film looked to annul the entirety of the stale attributes the arrangement had gotten known for, and chose to give the arrangement a curve nobody could have seen coming. As the film itself was given having the establishment's first female lead job, first female scoundrel job, first African American lead, and incorporate increasingly minor female characters in surprising zones. The film was additionally set to have a wide This sent the world into a total free for all as it had a blended gathering from fans. Some discovered they cherished and anticipated the possibility of a new interpretation of the arrangement and moving alongside present day times. Fans could now be available to a whole new world, and see what could emerge out of such a differing cast of characters. Others in any case, resented this, and saw the arrangement falling prey to the social equity warrior developments and being simply insignificant publicity that would hurt the arrangement. Making different Men's Right Activists call for blacklists of the film, and various online fights, as a few expressed it was an assault on the hold men had all through the arrangement. In weeks prompting the arrival of the film, trailers and pictures taken for the film were labeled with â€Å"#BoycottStarWarsVII† and â€Å"#StarWarsaMensGalaxy†. Notwithstanding the fights, and negative criticism from various activists and fans, the film produced $529 million its initial week. Stepping out the notions that this one film would destroy the picture of Star Wars that was built up. In any case, the greatest triumph this movie had, was with its characters and their jobs in the movie as chief JJ Abrams clarified that The Force Awakens was something that would change the Star Wars for eternity. Many conjectured that, in spite of the most recent increases to the establishment would in any case be commanded by men, and have little traces of a lady being in power. In any case, when the film appeared many found the story's fundamental character, Rey, a strange character with a covered up backstory, was not just clever and balanced. She was really autonomous, didn't depend on another character, wind up in the center of an adoration scene, or anxiously sitting tight for a knight in sparkling shield to come make all the difference. The nearest she comes to something of that sort, is her partner Finn, who additionally made a sprinkle being the establishment's first African American lead job. Be that as it may, it appears to be two companions taking care of each other, it could even be perceived as a bond carefully produced by endurance. Notwithstanding, this was by all account not the only stunner of the film, as another curve to the plot of the story comes during the peak of the film. When Rey would even annihilation, and overwhelm the movies just white opponent known as Kylo Ren in a lightsaber fight. Some would state that it was one of the most awful battle scenes on a Star Wars film to date, yet not on the off chance that you accept a more intensive look as the battle itself has a concealed importance. Dissecting the battle scene, Kylo plays with Rey and doesn't look as a genuine adversary. Insulting her, and demonstrating his boss solidarity to push her to a debilitated state yet at the one point he offers her an opportunity to go along with him as a student and instruct her what she needs as a Jedi. This can be viewed as a snapshot of man whipping the idea of a lady taking on such a job. Exhibiting that a lady, for example, Rey isn't intended to be so solid. That she isn't intended to remain as a warrior, or as somebody who can hold fast and can without much of a stretch fall prey to the expressions of a man who gives off an impression of being more grounded and offers an exit plan a troublesome circumstance. Be that as it may, as Rey, battles to hold off her adversary, she pauses for a minute to think about what her identity is, and why she is battling. She at that point gets engaged and manufactures a more grounded bond among herself and the power which permits her to turn out to be more impressive than Kylo could have ever become in such a brief timeframe. Rey, who has never battled with a lightsaber, never utilized the power in at any rate, or confronted a malevolent as solid as Kylo Ren develops successful. Establishing a connection with the youngster, and the crowd that this female character isn't one to be trifled with along these lines, that ladies can take on such a job, and be similarly as acceptable of a Jedi warrior deserving of using a lightsaber in fight. This scene alone can be shown as one of the most famous, outwardly satisfying, and straightforward ever, with the basic message it helps through its activities and portrayal. Only one more thing for the world to become hopelessly enamored with, and that it did. Following the achievement of the film came the colossal interest for the toys, and computer game figures that people in general would be available to gather and appreciate. The new line of Star Wars figures and computer games included pretty much each and every cast part and their ensembles, all aside from one significant piece. Rey herself, was not seen as remembered for any of the product created by toy merchant Hasbro, aside from one. One that was a piece of a â€Å"Speeder Bundle†, a pre-deal toy pack before the film was discharged. Be that as it may, this one toy totally denies Rey of any sexual orientation as she is completely covered and dressed. One would not see it was a female character as a toy. This obviously drove a monstrous callout from fans and sexual orientation activists, both bringing up the issue with regards to why? For what reason was this significant female character being forgotten about when such a significant number of were requiring her to show up? The appropriate response originated from an inside report from Hasbro that expressed toymakers were explicitly coordinated to avoid Rey from their items on the grounds that â€Å"Star Wars toys were designed for young men and young men don't care for playing with female activity figures. No kid needs to be given an item with a female character on it.† Which brought both Hasbro and Disney to approach and came up with a dainty rationalization saying their expectations were â€Å"mistaken, as

How to write an introduction for an essay

How to write an introduction for an essay How to write a good introduction for an essay The word essay comes from the French word essai (in English it is spelled essay or sometimes assay). Basically it means an attempt, some type of trial, an outline rooting to the Latin word exagium which can be literally translated as weighing or deliberation. The creator of the essay as a genre was Michel de Montaigne (one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance). The essay expresses individual impressions and considerations on a specific topic, situation or an issue, but it does not pretend to define or exhaustively interpret the subject matter as is. An essay, by its purpose, suggests a new, unusual representation on something and can have a philosophical, historical, biographical or critical meaning. One of the main characteristics when writing an essay is the presence of the introduction part in it. Lets clarify what the introduction part presumes to highlight. The main goal of introduction (to use the similar word which had the similar root of the word) is to introduce the topic, give some general information about the problem, an issue or the situation that the topic suggests. The purpose and justification of the topic selected are present in the first couple of sentences of the introduction part. Those sentences are connected in both logical and stylistically organized way aiming to support the main idea and give reader the perspective of what the writing is about. While writing this part, it is quite important to formulate the question you will have to answer later in the flow of your further writing. Thus, selecting and asking the proper questions usually takes a lot of time. The examples of such questions can be next: Do I need to give definitions to the terms stated in the topic of my essay?, Why is the subject that I am going to go with is important at the moment?, What concepts, opinions and statements will be included in my topic? , Can I divide the topic into few smaller sub-topics?. It is important to write the first paragraph that can consists of several paragraphs correctly. This will help you not only to keep the readers attention, but also to set the line for the whole essay coming up next. Frankly speaking, there is no perfect formula of success on how to start an essay. As the topics may vary, you can start introduction par for them in many ways. Despite said above, there are common features we can find while analyzing the most powerful introductions. Interested? Lets get it started! A well-written introduction gives the reader an idea of what you are going to write about. If you want to write an excellent introduction, but you think there is nothing to begin with, keep on reading. You will learn how impress the readers with the introduction and make it appealing. Intrigue your reader with the first sentence. Your first sentence is to introduce the reader to the topic and make him want to keep on reading it. If this sentence is uninteresting, trivial or boring, the person reading your essay will not have the motivation to read further. Set the right tone from the very beginning. Start with a question. A successful question will force the reader to stay and find out the answer. For example: What do dolphins and military fighters have in common? Suggest an interesting fact or statistics. Those two will encourage you to a discussion on what you are writing about. For example: The Golden Gate Bridge is painted 365 days a year, 250 liters of paint is spent on one layer. Use quotes. The quotation of a famous person can interest your readers. Example: Machiavelli said: “Never was anything great achieved without danger. Define a keyword or phrase. If the keyword or phrase that you use is unusual or specific, you can explain them first. Write the concluding sentence that draws together the main idea being made in your paragraph. Briefly discuss what you will talk about in the rest of the essay. While writing an essay introduction, you will want to briefly explain what topics will be reflected in your essay. This will give the reader a detailed plan, which they can use and follow in the reading process. It is not necessary to say This is an essay about [the topic] if you think it is too common and cliched. You can do it elegantly, without telling it straight upfront. Go further to the theses. Your thesis is, perhaps, the most important part of the introduction. Your theses are your arguments, shortened in size and performed with one phrase. If someone asked you to describe your position or opinion using just one sentence, this is where you tell them your thesis. Write a good introduction for an essay It is very important to write the first paragraph or several paragraphs of the essay correctly. This will help you not only to interest the reader, but also to set the tone for the whole text that will follow. Truly speaking, there is no unique recipe or a right way on how to start an essay. As many essays on a variety of topics you write, as many ways you might use in writing the introduction. Nevertheless, there are common features and characteristics of good introductions. Taking them into account, you can write the introduction and make unforgettable impression. Key parts of introduction An essay introduction should contain the following three parts: Background. The Problem. The Proposed Solution. In addition, there can be the following optional ingredients: Related work One of the most important part of college essay introduction. In general, though, we find it much easier to have a related works section at the end of the report. The introduction outline For short introduction for essay it might be handy to have it written in case of presentation or public performance. All in all, if you are not sure that what is the proper introduction for your essay which will make your reader interested and keep him reading your writing till the last word, our advice is to ask your-writers.net

Pursing a Career as a Police Officer

A sociology degree is a very useful and relevant degree for any career in the criminal justice field. Police officers are one great example of this. As a career that is present in every city, town, and community across the country, becoming a police officer does not usually require relocation and is it is usually always in demand. One way that a sociology degree is especially helpful to a police officer is that it allows one to examine situations with knowledge of the structural issues that surround a society. For example, socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, and age are all especially important for understanding specific conflict situations. Understanding the Effects Stereotypes Have It is always important to understand the effects that stereotypes have in how people perceive a community problem. Witnesses to a crime, for example, might believe a stereotype about the criminal and will therefore bias the true events. By understanding this and asking very specific questions, the police officer may be able to get an accurate depiction of the crime without any stereotyped influences. In conducting police work, it is also important to understand that communities are composed of relational networks. These networks can be especially important in both investigating crimes and in preventing criminal acts. Since police officers are constantly interacting with community members, education on how to interact with and deal with certain types of people is crucial. In fact, it is often the case that less than half of police academy training has to do with laws, legal codes, and weapons, and the majority of training is spent on human interaction. How a Sociology Degree Is Extremely Helpful This is where a sociology degree is extremely helpful. Role-playing, modeling people’s behavior, and understanding group dynamics is crucial to be a successful police officer. An understanding of cultural diversity is also important. Those going into a career in law enforcement need to learn that there are other patterns of living and officers need to learn to adapt to those patterns when they enter certain situations. Job Description The primary duty of police officers is to enforce the law. They help the community fight crime by making arrests, assisting people with emergencies, investigating crimes, helping prosecute crimes, collecting evidence, testifying in court, and writing detailed reports of crimes. Educational Requirements The educational requirements for police officers vary by city and community. Larger cities often require four-year degrees while some small communities only require a high-school diploma. However, the majority of places are now requiring formal job training, commonly an associate’s degree. Additional training is provided at a federal or state law enforcement academy after an officer is hired. Salary and Benefits Police officers entering the field can expect to earn on average between $22,000 and $26,000, however, some areas pay as low as $18,000. Salaries vary by city and region. After six years of service, police officers earn an average of $34,000 or more. Benefits are offered by the majority of police departments, which typically includes life insurance, medical benefits, and retirement plans. Other Recommendations For those thinking of entering a career as a police officer, there are some other recommendations that will help you during your career. First, it is important to understand cultural diversity and be able to adapt to different cultural contexts. Foreign language capability, especially Spanish, is nearly essential. Other languages might be emphasized according to local needs. For example, Southeast Asian languages (Vietnamese, Cambodian, Chinese etc.) are needed in parts of California. Computer literacy is also a must, as officers compose written reports that are transmitted directly and immediately to the department for analysis. Finally, oral communication skills are essential to conduct good community relations. Search for jobs in law enforcement or other sociology careers in your area. References Stephens, W.R. (2004). Careers in Sociology, Third Edition. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Criminal Justice USA. (2011). Police Officer. http://www.criminaljusticeusa.com/police-officer.html

Essay on The Impact of a Mother’s Death on the Family

The Impact of a Mother’s Death on the Family Death ultimately brings individuals together and the Bundren family is no exception. Each member of this chaotic family dealt with their mother Addie’s death quite differently. Throughout the novel, Cash is the silent, hard-working type who says next to nothing about his family’s crazy nature and how he exactly feels about their current situations. I believe that Cash making his mother’s coffin outside the window was not cruel or disrespectful; it shows his loyalty and commitment to his mother. Of all the Bundren children, Cash dealt with his mother’s death through physical emotion. He worked diligently on constructing the coffin and making sure it would not slant or move during the journey†¦show more content†¦Dewel Dell is consumed with her own problems and the only true emotion she shows towards her mother is when she flings herself onto the bed where her mother lay. Vardaman is the young and sometimes impressionable child who loves animals and his mother. The Bundren children are so preoccupied with their own problems and thought that their mother’s death seems almost secondary to their own needs. The character I most despise has to be Anse. His wife dies and all he can think about is the new set of false teeth he will soon receive. I know that if anything happened to someone close to me, I would be in too much pain and grief to think of anything else. The family goes through turmoil on their journey to Jefferson and it is quite symbolic of their family life. Vardaman is consumed with superstition and ponders why the buzzards fly overhead, the entire family at one point contemplates what the storm and weather means, and of course Addie’s death-which Anse believes is the result of a road being built near their home. Whether or not these symbols have any significance is secondary to the task at hand; burying Addie. During the later sections of the novel, Addie narrates a portion and the reader learns that Jewel is Whitfield’s bastard son. I remember lines that Addie had once told Cora, Tull’s wife, about her closeness to Jewel. She explained that Jewel will ultimately be her salvation; in the end Jewel rescues the coffinShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of As I Lay Dying 1738 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Silence As I Lay Dying, is a novel written by William Cuthbert Faulkner, where a poor southern family named the Burdens set off on a journey through 1920’s Mississippi to bury their recently deceased mother Addie Bundren. Before, Addie Bundren passes away she makes her husband Anse promise to bury her in her hometown of Jefferson, Mississippi. 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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that results from experiencing or witnessing an extremely traumatic or tragic event that extends beyond one’s coping capacity. People with PT SD usually have frighteningRead MoreAnalysis Of Let It Snow By David Sedaris971 Words   |  4 Pagesemotional health. In health sciences students learn about body and brain functioning. Emotions,stress and decision-making have a significant impact on mental and physical health. Alcoholism is often a coping mechanism resulting in negative health consequences. David Sedaris’ mother is probably and alcohol, and her addiction has a negative impact on herself and her family. A common trope in pop culture is the drink a mother or a father pour themselves after a long day to relieve some of the stress of a daily

Multivitamin Review Free Essays

It has always been a practice by children or adults to take in multivitamins daily. â€Å"Prevention is better than cure† as what most adults usually say. Multivitamins are essential to your body since it provides the necessary vitamins and minerals to support you metabolic processes and helps in preventing chronic diseases. We will write a custom essay sample on Multivitamin Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Vitamins are organic compounds needed in the diet in small amounts to promote and regulate the chemical reactions and processes needed for growth, reproduction, and the maintenance of health (_______ p.236). While minerals are elements needed by the body in small amounts for structure and to regulate chemical reactions and other body processes (______ p.280). Daily intake of multivitamins gives short-term benefits like boosting your energy and helps you combat physical stress to maintain an active lifestyle. It also provides better vision and better memory. While some of the long-term benefits include reducing your risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and osteoporosis. Using tables 8.2 and 8.3 in Ch. 8 (pp.239-240, 262), and Tables 9.1 and 9.6 in Ch.9 (pp.288, 301-08), over-the-counter multivitamins could only meet the Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) for Adults if these are taken in combination to a healthy and well-balanced diet as suggested by the Food Pyramid Guide. The amount of a vitamin in a food depends on the amount naturally found in that food as well as how the food is cooked, stored, and processed. The vitamins naturally found in foods can be washed away during preparation, destroyed by cooking, or damaged by exposure to light or oxygen (____ p.237). This is why it is recommended and is important to take in multivitamins everyday to maintain good health. It compensates for the lost nutrients in many of the foods we eat. Does taking a multivitamin everyday raise your intake of a particular vitamin or mineral to near-toxic levels? Vitamins are divided into two types: water-soluble and fat-soluble. Most vitamins purchased over the counters are water-soluble. Anything taken in excess of the RDI is excreted off in the urine. Also, vitamin and mineral contents in 1 dosage of a multivitamin contains less than 100% of the RDI and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). So generally, it is safe to take multivitamins everyday. However, since multivitamins make good nutritional sense, it should not be abused. Some people who experience mild illnesses attempt to cure themselves by taking in more than the recommended dosage of their multivitamins thinking that it will speed up their recovery. This should not be the case since some health conditions require special medical attention. Too much vitamins and minerals in your body can be toxic. Some of the consequences of toxicity are nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, hair changes, kidney damage, bone abnormalities, high/low blood pressure, anemia, brain damage, rashes, tingling extremities, sweating, etc. As always, too much of anything is bad. References Karani, R. (2006, March). The truth about multivitamins: can taking a multivitamin every day really help you stay healthy? Focus on Healthy Aging. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0ZRQ/is_3_9/ai_n17213371 *Note: There are blank spaces after the quotations. I don’t know the title and the author of the reading sources that you gave me. Kindly just fill it out and include it in the references. Also this response is more than the required number of words but it’s hard to answer all the questions, do citations and make a point with just a limited 300-word response. Sorry I know this is very late already. But I tried.    How to cite Multivitamin Review, Essay examples

Essay Examples on Vietnam War Essay Example

Essay Examples on Vietnam War Paper 1st Essay Sample on Vietnam War The Vietnam War, the nation’s longest, cost fifty-eight thousand American lives. Only the Civil War and the two world wars were deadlier for Americans. During the decade of direct U.S. military participation in Vietnam beginning in 1964, the U.S Treasury spent over $140 billion on the war, enough money to fund urban renewal projects in every major American city. Despite these enormous costs and their accompanying public and private trauma for the American people, the United States failed, for thefirst time in its history, to achieve its stated war aims. The goal was to preserve a separate, independent, noncommunist government in South Vietnam, but after April 1975, the communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) ruled the entire nation. The initial reasons for U.S. involvement in Vietnam seemed logical and compelling to American leaders. Following its success in World War II, the United States faced the future with a sense of moral rectitude and material confidence. From Washington’s perspective, the principal threat to U.S. security and world peace was monolithic, dictatorial communism emanating from he Soviet Union. Any communist anywhere, at home or abroad, was, by definition, and enemy of the United States. Drawing an analogy with the unsuccessful appeasement of fascist dictators before World War II, the Truman administration believed that any sign of communist aggression must be met quickly and forcefully by the United States and its allies. This reactive policy was known as containment. In Vietnam the target of containment was Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh front he had created in 1941. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Vietnam War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Vietnam War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ho and his chief lieutenants were communists with long-standing connections to the Soviet Union. They were also ardent Vietnamese nationalists who foughtfirst to rid their country of the Japanese and then, after 1945, to prevent France from reestablishing its former colonial mastery over Vietnam and the rest of Indochina. Harry S. 2nd Essay Sample on Vietnam War Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia. It lies south of China. The size of this country, so you understand the space the U.S. was involved in when fighting the Vietnam War, is about the size of California. The history behind the Vietnam War started back when France governed this small country, during the 1890s Vietnam became a colony of France. The French hung onto Vietnam until World War II. At this time World War II occupied much of the forces for the French. The French basically deserted the Vietnamese people leaving them to govern on their own. When the war ended with the Japanese, being defeated in 1945. The French returned to Vietnam ready to control them again but, to their surprise the Vietnamese people refused to let them. As a result of this, tension grew and the Indochina War began in 1946. The French wasted no time in bombing cities. The city hit hardest was Haiphong, killing around six thousand Vietnamese people and civilians. Unprepared for this type of war the Vietnamese soldiers scattered into the jungle becoming guerrilla fighters. Waging guerrilla warfare, small, secret military bands lived and worked in the countryside. The Vietnamese harassed the French with a series of surprise attacks. Before the French could react, the Vietnamese would disappear into the mountains and jungles. This continued and the French poured more and more money and troops into the combat. In 1954, the French were determined to lure the Vietnamese out into the open at Dien Bien Phu. Dien Bien Phu was where the French had established an airstrip, for most of their supplies would arrive by helicopters or planes. This became the last battle in the Indochina War. The Vietnamese were determined and ready for this challenge. When this battle started there were huge casualties on both sides. The Vietnamese took out the airstripfirst, only allowing the French to drop supplies and food to the soldiers.

10 Career Lessons You Need to Learn Before its Too Late

10 Career Lessons You Need to Learn Before its Too Late We’re all told to put our noses to the grindstone and keep them there. But too often, we just keep following the path in front of us and working hard and, before we know it, years have flown by and we aren’t where we wanted to end up. Here are the 10 best career lessons everyone should take to heart earlier in their lives and careers, before it’s too late to take the good advice.1. Life is shortBad bosses, unsatisfying jobs, soulless companies, demeaning positions, toxic coworkers. All of these things are easy to overlook in service of â€Å"keeping your head down,† but the truth is life is just too short. Instead of spending your time putting up with all that nonsense and convincing yourself it’s worth it, why not put your energy into finding a better situation while you still have the option.2. Networking mattersYou may hate networking events, but they are going to be invaluable to you one day. The most successful people have the widest and broade st social networks. So get in amongst it around the water cooler, attend the mixer, mingle. Make connections. Your success may depend on the people you get to know.3. Choose health over  wealthWork life balance can be incredibly difficult to achieve. And sometimes it just seems easier to tunnel deeper into work, constantly driving yourself towards success. Don’t let yourself be one of them or you’ll end up burning out- or developing serious health problems from stress. Take care of yourself. Stay healthy and you’ll end up being more successful.4. Get offscreenAt the end of your life, the best and most memorable moments will not be ones you spent staring at a screen. Put the phone down. Walk away from the monitor. Go live your life and make some real memories and change in the world.5. Keep learningThey day you decide you have nothing left to learn is the day you become truly ignorant. Old dogs can learn new tricks. In fact, you should seek them out. Constantly stretch yourself to learn new skills and information. Don’t get left behind.6. DiversifyWhile you’re learning new things, make a point of expanding your comfort zone and your wheelhouse of skills. The more you can do, the more successful you will be. And the more versatile with dealing with life and career challenges. Make sure you’re not just good at only one thing.7. Stick togetherYou may think you can get farther faster if you just go it alone, but the truth is you’ll get farther by working as a team and building something bigger than yourself. Also, teamwork is more and more important in the current economy. Learn to share and multiply success.8. Worry does not equal achievementYou cannot worry your way to success. If you’re anxious, the antidote is simple: action. Hustle your way out of the stress spiral. Push through the fear to find the proactive things that you can do to make a difference in the state of your career (or the world).9. Failu re is productiveThink of every failure not as an end, but as an opportunity for a new beginning. Start a new journey with each failure and you’ll be guaranteed to get more out of life.10. It’s a journey, not a destinationHappiness is not just something you arrive at, magically, after doing what you think you’re supposed to do. Make mindful choices and decide you’re going to be happy with where you are and what you’re working towards, regardless of how far in the future those rewards may be. Approach everything with an attitude of positivity and happiness, and you will find success.

Kinds of Consequences

Kinds of Consequences Kinds of Consequences Kinds of Consequences By Maeve Maddox A reader questions a radio announcer’s odd use of high to quantify the noun consequences: â€Å"For business owners who become the victims of these scams, the consequences can be high. Since when have consequences been high? â€Å"Dire,† maybe. â€Å"Serious,† maybe. â€Å"Severe,† even. High? Never! The English word consequence derives from a Latin compound that combines cum, â€Å"with† and sequi, â€Å"to follow after.† (In English words, cum appears as com- and con-.) A consequence is what results from something that has gone before. I agree with the reader that the appropriate modifier for consequences is one that signifies a degree of seriousness, like dire or grave. A Google search indicates that the phrase â€Å"high consequences† is out there, if only with 35,400 hits. The expression seems to be seeping into general usage from jargon associated with the behavioral sciences. As jargon, â€Å"high consequences† is part of the descriptive term â€Å"Low-Probability/High Consequences.† The term, abbreviated LPHC, is applied to events or- in the context of marketing- products that have a low probability of risk, but which nevertheless could have a horrific outcome in the event of failure. An article in the proceedings of a marketing science conference explains the concept this way: â€Å"Low-Probability/High Consequences  (LPHC) risk† is present in consumer decisions associated with potentially cataclysmic outcomes such as losing ones life or job. Air travel is [an] LPHC â€Å"product.† The expression high consequences has meaning in this narrow context, but is out of place in the general vocabulary. Here are examples of the questionable use of low and high to describe consequences: â€Å"Why does evolution make out that there are such  high consequences  if we dont pass our genes down?- Question posed on Quora site. The High Consequences of Low Interest Rates- Headline in The Wall Street Journal. Actions that show significant differences are those involving Low Consequences, High Consequences, and Suspension.- Book about school testing. In the first example, the word serious would be more appropriate. In the second example, the headline writer was probably striving for a neat balance of words (high-low), but a better choice would be: â€Å"The Potential Consequences of Low Interest Rates.† The third example illustrates the tendency of parents and educators to use the word consequences as a euphemism for punishment. The study compares student behavior that resulted in different degrees of punishment: â€Å"minor, major, and most severe.† Educators and others are also guilty of using inappropriate verbs with consequences. Consequences are results. Consequences follow actions. They may be felt, suffered, or endured, but they are not given, as in these examples from school publications and parent guides: Consequences will be given  in a calm, consistent, brief, immediate  and respectful fashion.- Kindergarten brochure, Wisconsin No  consequences will be given  if student has an excused tardy.- High school guidelines. However, children don’t need to know every consequence that might be given. Whats important is that they understand that  consequences will be given  consistently for certain behaviors.- Parenting book. In each of these examples, what will be given or withheld is a penalty. Another odd use of the word consequences making the rounds on the Web is a sentence that originated in the angry outburst of a moderately literate man expressing anger about cyberbully attacks on his daughter: â€Å"Consequences will never be the same!† The expression even has a definition in the Urban Dictionary: â€Å"to tell someone to stop doing something.† Interestingly enough in the context of this post, the attacks on the girl were apparently the consequences of her own online behavior. Bottom line: Consequences may be major, minor, serious, severe, dire, or unexpected. They are felt, experienced, suffered or endured. Except in very limited contexts, they are not high, nor are they given. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect ObjectsList of 50 Great Word Games for Kids and AdultsContinue and "Continue on"

What is the difference between trafficking and smuggling Essay

What is the difference between trafficking and smuggling - Essay Example Human smuggling involves bringing illegal aliens into a country, in addition to the illegal transportation and harboring of foreigners already in that country. On the other hand, human trafficking centers much on exploitation and is in most instances defined as sex trafficking whereby a commercial sex action gets stimulated by coercion, fraud or force or in which an individual forced to do such an action is a minor. It can also have the definition as the recruitment, transportation, harboring, obtaining and provision of an individual’s labor via coercion, fraud or force for the intention of subjection to forced servitude, debt bondage, slavery or peonage1. Generally, human trafficking and smuggling has become one of the greatest global problems and is considered to be among the world’s most degrading and shameful crimes, that impacts on the lives of several individuals around the globe and robbing such individuals their dignity. The traffickers and smugglers deceive women, children and even men from all sections of the globe and coerce or force them into daily exploitative situations. Globally, trafficking is considered much worse than smuggling and the most identifiable type of human trafficking is trafficking that intends to put a victim into sexual exploitation. Most people, however, do not know that this crime takes place with the intention of child begging, forced labor, removal of body organs, and domestic servitude2. In 2005, the ILO estimates indicated that, worldwide, there exist about 2.4 million human smuggling and trafficking victims at any given instance. A recent research study on the overall trends of forced labor however would propose that the extent of the crisis is much greater. In Asia, for instance, more than 140,000 victims are forced into violent and humiliating conditions because of sexual exploitation. Additionally, one out of seven of the prostitutes in the region most probably ended up forced

Qualitative Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Qualitative Report - Essay Example amatic in content that extremely fascinated media so much so that role of media in celebrities’ lives became a highly contentious issue with the privacy of the individuals as well as with the ethical proprieties of media. The recent legal separation of the royal couple had given a whole new twist to the hitherto fairy tale romance of the world’s most renowned couples. The interview thus, was an important event that had provoked a mixed response for different people and had held a especial significance for the Princess and British Monarchy at large. Therefore, analysis of the interview is a way to understand the complexities of the lives of the celebrities and try to interpret their actions in the wider ramifications of the public-private interests. The interview is given at a time when the Princess was undergoing turbulent period in her private life and she needed to clarify her stand on a number of issues so that she could get some space to sort out her public-private life. The report would facilitate the general public and media to understand the Princess Diana as another human being, possessing feelings and sensitivities as the next person. The report would also help to analyse the compulsions of the public duties and image of the celebrities and the burden that puts on their private lives. Interview of Princess Diana by Martin Bashir on BBC1 Panorama on 20 November, 1995, has huge relevance for gathering useful data regarding the life and style of the celebrities who have significant impact on the public opinion. The interview is also an important way to gauge the extent of involvement of the individual and the impact of the circumstantial events on the person. Princess Diana had been one of the most prolific personalities of the world whose personal charisma had gone beyond the precinct of social constraints of her royal status and created an unprecedented niche amongst the masses. The analysis of the interview is primarily focused on the public private

Effects of Enhanced CO2 on Tropical Forest Growth

Effects of Enhanced CO2 on Tropical Forest Growth James P. Smith Effects of enhanced atmospheric CO2 concentrations on tropical forest growth: experimental studies and interactions with nutrients, light, water and temperature Abstract (150 words) Introduction (300 words) Approximately 90% of earth’s 652Gt terrestrial biomass carbon is locked up in forests. Tropical and subtropical forests store 340Gt carbon; or ~52%; but only make up 13% of total forested area (table 1). Achard et al (2002) estimated 1Gt/yr carbon losses, through activities such as deforestation and clearance for agriculture (Geist et al, 2002). All terrestrial plants have become exposed to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, as part of global change. This has changed from 180ppm 18ka (Petit et al, 1999) to 390ppm today, by degassing from oceans and fossil C burning (Crowley et al, 2001). Increased CO2 could stimulate photosynthesis, raising plant productivity. This can have a role in storing more carbon and mitigate the atmospheric rise in CO2 concentrations (Beedlow et al, 2004). Table 1: Areal extent, carbon storage and net primary productivity of earth’s major biomes (from Roy et al, 2001). Figure 1 demonstrates CO2 enters plants at the source (leaf); where it becomes photoassimilated to produce carbon sugars; which are transported around the plant to carbon sinks; for different processes such as structural growth, metabolism and export. Sugars can also be stored as reserves in the form of NSCs (non-structural carbohydrates). CO2 is lost through respiration, herbivory and litter production and decomposition (Korner, 2003a). Figure 1: CO2 pools and fluxes in plants, as well as source-sink interactions (modified from Korner, 2003a). The aim of the review is to evaluate research on the effects of enhanced CO2 on tropical forest growth. This will be achieved by looking at experimental studies, as well as the effects of enhanced CO2 on the limiting factors of nutrients, light, water supply and temperature. I will be reviewing literature from 1999-2013. Experimental studies There have been few experimental studies of the effects of enhanced CO2 on plant growth in tropical forests in relatively natural conditions (ambient climate, natural soil and inter and intra-species competition). Two studies using a canopy crane in a tropical dry forest in Panama was used to assess the effects of enhanced CO2 on canopy tree leaves. Over a 40 week period Lovelock et al (1999) measured responses of leaf and branchlets of a single tree species. Photosynthesis rates increased 30% with enhanced CO2. However, no increases in biomass occurred (reproductive organs and foliage). Branchlet TNC (total non-structural carbohydrates) increased 20%, inferring localized carbon saturation. Wurth et al (1998a) found stronger TNC increases (41-61%), upon exposing canopy leaves of four tree species to enhanced CO2, in situ. Wurth et al (1998b) planted seedlings of five local species (tree, shrubs and grass) in the understorey of a closed Panamanian forest. These were grown over a 15 mo nth period, in which 50% were in ambient CO2 and 50% in elevated. All species showed significant seedling growth under elevated CO2, but decreased as understorey light levels increased, and inter-species variation was apparent. Again TNC levels increased under enhanced CO2. One experiment has studied communities of tropical trees, which have been outplanted in natural soil and subjected to elevated CO2. Lovelock et al (1998) grew groups of ten tree species at ambient and elevated CO2 in open-top chambers at the forest margin in Panama. Over six months, there was no enhancement in biomass accumulation. There were also reductions in leaf area index, increased photosynthesis rates and increased nitrogen: carbon ratios. Response was species-specific, but late-successional species were less sensitive than pioneer and midsuccessional species. Table 2: Comparison of mean TNC concentrations (% dry weight) across four studies under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations. From table 2, it is clear that all four studies mentioned showed increased mean TNC concentrations when exposed to elevated CO2. Despite the increases, this does not necessarily mean TNCs from carbon sources are being transported to carbon sinks, into plant biomass for growth. They include carbohydrates, sugar alcohols, organic acids and lipids, and represents carbon reserves or stores, for future use on demand (Korner, 2003a). So, photosynthesis rates may increase under elevated CO2, producing more TNCs, but may not be used in plant growth, unless needed. Figure 2: Variation in mean concentration of TNC with height in two wet and dry seasons (from Wurth et al, 1998a). Wurth et al (1998a) also compared TNC concentrations, exposed to elevated CO2, with height from canopy height to roots, between wet and dry seasons (figure 2). They found TNC to increase in all plant compartments during the dry season. The TNC again not incorporated into structural growth, because growth was directly limited by dry conditions, and not photosynthesis. More TNC was being stored in reserves. In the wet season, TNC pools reduced, coinciding with resumed tree growth and new leaf production. They inferred TNC concentrations were controlled by moisture availability, in agreement with another study in the area (Newell et al, 2002). On the other hand, Korner and Wurth (1996) found TNC to increase significantly in both dry and wet seasons. This infers plants have a store of carbon, and can mobilize it when needed for growth. To further the understanding of increasing CO2 on tropical forest growth, more and longer-term experiments are needed. Arnone (1996) and Korner (1998) criticize these experiments, as they cannot be scaled up to actual forest size; use only small plants; have a higher than normal nutrient supply; absence of competition; and key processes; such as herbivory and effects of pathogens. CO2-nutrient interactions Nitrogen is commonly seen as the main limiting nutrient of tree CO2 responses (Finzi et al, 2006). However, although this is theoretically an unlimited resource (atmospheric), provided N fixation balances N losses through processes such as N20 losses or leaching (Korner, 2009). Litter mineralization is the predominate source of N in forests. All other nutrients are in limited supply in a given area, with older, more weathered (humid tropics) soils making these nutrients much more limiting to plant growth (Bergametti et al, 1998). Enhanced CO2 can accelerate the rate of symbiotic N fixation, as demonstrated by Tissue et al (1997). Seeds of fast-growing woody legumes from a seasonal tropical forest in Costa Rica were inoculated with N2 fixing Rhizobium bacteria and grown in greenhouses for ~70 days, exposed to ambient (35Pa) and elevated (70Pa) CO2 levels. Seedlings were watered adequately with N-free water solution. Under elevated CO2, photosynthesis rates increased by 49%, compared to those exposed to ambient CO2. As a result growth in elevated CO2 increased 36%. Figure 3 illustrates this, with total plant biomass growing 84% under elevated CO2. Greater rates of photosynthesis mean greater quantities of carbon are transported to the nodules. More carbon supplied to nodules means specific nitrogenase activity (SNA); that is N-fixing enzyme activity; is increased; more energy is available to power the fixation process. Thus a greater proportion of nitrogen is fixed by the legumes and incorporated into the plant for biomass accumulation and growth. Figure 4 shows this clearly, with increases in N content across all parts of the plant. Figures 3 4: Dry weight biomass (gDW) of whole plant, as well as different areas of the plant (left). N content (mg) of whole plant, and different sections of plant (right). (From Tissue et al, 1997). Although there is a high abundance of nitrogen, and fixing increases under CO2 levels, Pons et al (2007) inferred N-fixation is also strongly limited by phosphorus availability, and is absorbed by trees much more efficiently than N (Medina and Cuevas, 1994; Herbert and Fownes, 1995). Pons et al (2007) measured N and P concentration changes in leaves of leguminous plants, in different soil types, in a tropical forest in Guyana. From table 3, general increases in N and P led to positive accumulations of N in leaves. They inferred increases in phosphorus were the main cause for increasing N-fixation, with increasing N concentrations having negligible effect. Contrary to Tissue et al (1997)’s findings, Houlton et al (2008) found N fixation to be less prominent in tropical forests. Pons et al (2007) approximated 6% of total N uptake by trees in Guyana was by N-fixation, and only ~50% legumes used the symbiotic pathway. Nardoto et al (2008) found near negligible N-fixation levels in legumes in Amazonia. Thus, nitrogen is unlikely to majorly constrain C-fixation in tropical forests, but phosphorus is more likely to (Martinelli et al, 1999). Table 3: Phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in five different soil types, and their affect on N-fixation rates by N contents in leaves (Modified from Pons et al, 2007). Studies in tropical forests in Panama provided clear evidence that trees grown in close proximity to their natural habitat, under elevated CO2, within original soils and under local climatic conditions, exhibited accelerated growth rates when soils were enriched with mineral nutrients (Winter and Lovelock, 1999; Winter et al, 2001; table 4). In the absence of fertilizer there was no significant change in growth rate under elevated CO2 (Lovelock et al, 1998; Winter et al, 2000). No major changes in growth rates were found again were found by Korner and Arnone (1992) and Arnone and Korner (1995). Table 4: The effect of fertilizer/absence of fertilizer application on biomass accumulation for tropical plants under elevated CO2. Clearly the effects of elevated CO2 on have caused mixed responses from different studies. In some studies, greater photosynthesis rates led to increased carbon supply to allow accelerated N-fixation for biomass growth. Other studies highlighted the greater importance of phosphorus in regulating N-fixation and biomass accumulation. Plants grown in the absence of nutrients consistently showed minimal to no change in growth rates, opposed to increasing biomass with those that were enriched with mineral nutrients. CO2-light interactions It is known that shaded plant growth rates are limited by light and CO2. Illuminating plants will lead to accelerated growth, by forest canopy thinning or removal. As enhanced CO2 increases light use efficiency and decreases the light compensation point within the leaf, stimulation by enhanced CO2 in shaded areas can be seen to be similar to canopy thinning or illumination (Long and Drake, 1991). The effect of elevated CO2 on tropical plants grown in deep shade can be significant and can possibly exceed effects grown under horticultural conditions under full light (Korner, 2009). Wurth (1998a) exposed seedlings on the forest floor to ~700ppm CO2 under extremely low light levels (~11ÃŽ ¼mol photons m-2s-1). Tree seedlings grew 25-44% and shrub seedlings grew 59-76%. Lovelock et al (1996) observed similar results of mycorrhizal growth of tree seedlings, although P supply may have had an influence. Thus elevated CO2 promotes expansion into shaded areas. As expressed, as most tree seedlings wait to exploit an opening in the canopy, lianas employ a different strategy. Lianas are situated in deep shade and aim to occupy maximal space, but with minimal structural investment (Korner, 2009). Elevated CO2 increases the probability of lianas reaching the upper canopy. Granados and Korner (2002) studied biomass and growth rates for three liana species; simulated in a tropical understorey environment with seed and soil from Yucatan; under high and low light levels; and under ambient and elevated CO2 levels. From figures 5-7 it is apparent that liana biomass increases at higher light levels for all three species. However, liana growth rate is much larger at lower light levels (up to +249%), opposed to higher light levels (up to +52%). These higher growth rates are at moderately elevated CO2 levels of ~420ppm. At ~700ppm, growth rates reduced or even reversed. Thus, individuals within the understorey with low light levels (under moderately elevated CO2 levels) have the potential to grow upwards towards the canopy at a faster rate than those in higher light levels. Figure 8: Comparison of biomass change and growth rates; under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations; between temperate and tropical liana species (from Korner, 2009) This consistent trend in increased growth rates under low light levels has also been confirmed for temperate liana species (figure 8). Hattenschweiler and Korner (2003) found growth rates between 64-80% under low light opposed to 23-40% under high light. These results could support reasoning for the enhanced vigour and reproduction of lianas observed in recent decades in Panama (Wright et al, 2004) and Amazonia (Phillips et al, 2002). Elevated CO2 may cause lianas to behave more aggressively, thereby inducing faster forest turnover, and reducing tree carbon storage in the long-run (Korner, 2004). Other factors have also been attributed to explain current liana growth, such as reduced rainfall (Swaine and Grace, 2007). Epiphytes are another important organism that influence tropical forest tree dynamics, and grow in tree crowns. Epiphytes derive from succulents, and may utilize CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) photosynthetic pathways, although some can use C3 pathways also (Korner, 2009). Contrary to lianas, evidence suggests epiphytes don’t benefit from elevated CO2 (Monterio et al, 2009). They tested the effect of doubling CO2 concentration; as well as increasing light and nutrient levels; on growth of six epiphyte species from the Neotropics. Figure 9: Relative growth rate (mgg-1d-1) of six epiphyte species under increasing CO2, light and nutrient levels for six different species. C3 pathways (V=Vriesea; C=Catopsis; O=Oncidium). CAM pathways (T=Tillandsia; B=Bulbophyllum; A=Aechmea). From Monteiro et al (2009). From figure 9; across the six species; elevated CO2 increased relative growth rates by only 6%. Although C3 species grew 60% faster than CAM, the two groups showed no significant difference in their CO2 responses. High light increased average growth rates by 21%; high nutrients by 10%. The findings contrast with those noted by Granados and Korner (2002) and Wurth et al (1998a), who found significant positive responses of lianas to elevated CO2 and deep shade, opposed to high light intensities. Thus, epiphytes will pose a lower risk to forest turnover and carbon stock losses. CO2-water interactions CO2-water interactions have two sides: the CO2-driven stomatal response; and the interactions with weather; such as drought. Under elevated CO2 conditions, plants will always absorb more CO2 per unit of water lost; regardless of stomata respond. However, experimental evidence confirms stomata may not be as sensitive to CO2 as previously thought (Korner and Wurth, 1996; Lovelock et al, 1999). The increase in atmospheric CO2 over the last century has highlighted the dynamic relationships between CO2 gain and water loss. The evidence for this is within tree rings, in the form of stable carbon isotope signals. Hietz et al (2005) observed these changes in Amazonian trees, where a change in ∂3C over the past two centuries infers increased intrinsic water use efficiency. Traditionally, when water acts as a limiting factor, scientists have drawn upon an array of responses; such as stomatal closure; reduced photosynthesis and growth. However, it has been understood for decades that photosynthesis is less sensitive to reduced water potential than biomass growth. Most of the evidence is derived from non-woody plants (Korner, 2003a). Less water uptake reduces turgidity, which reduces tissue formation, eventually limiting CO2 uptake. Wurth et al (2005) completed an extensive inventory for 17 tropical tree species in both the dry and wet seasons in Panama. They found NSC pools to be largest when growth was lowest and smallest when growth reaches a maximum. This is counterintuitive to what is normally expected! It had been suggested that high NSC levels found in trees under growth limitations by environmental factors, such as drought, does not reflect source saturation by C, but a precaution strategy by which NSCs are stored in a reserve (Lewis et al, 2004a).

God’s Hands Behind Boxing Gloves Essay

It was after the 1960 Rome Olympics. A well-built man stood by a river and threw a gold medal into the waters. He had been rejected entrance in an all-white gathering, he who had brought pride to his nation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The man was Muhammad Ali. He showed that no amount of worldwide recognition can be balm enough to the injustices and racism that was so prevalent during his time. The recognition that he earned at the Olympics was not ticket to equality, and he realized this instantly. He cared not for the medal, but the respect that his art and skill bring to the man, not the personality that the public knows. Muhammad Ali was not afraid to be seen with the much celebrated and controversial Malcolm X, and he fought his battles with as much confidence and gusto as he did within the ring and off it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dubbed as the â€Å"Athlete of the Century†, Muhammad Ali is known all over the world as one of the greatest boxers of all time. Indeed, with all bravado he dared call himself the Greatest. And he was, in many aspects not confined in the boxing ring.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Born as Cassius Clay Jr., he left behind his â€Å"slave name† and took up the name Muhammad Ali to assert his individuality and faith. His action has spurred black pride, as the man continued to prove to be more than just a boxer, but more importantly a black who is not afraid to succeed and fight for his rights. He refused to be inducted in the US Army as a stance against the war. He was imprisoned and stripped off his boxing title for his refusal, but he trained even behind bars and came back to recapture the championship and the people’s hearts. He staged his fights in developing countries that signaled a shift from first-world supremacy to an awareness of the existence of cities such as Manila and Kuala Lumpur. Muhammad Ali has visited and reached out to Afghanistan, North Korea, Cuba, Iraq and South Africa, going where there is strife and bringing goodwill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even after his popularity as a professional boxer has waned, his heart of gold shone brightly as ever. He promoted understanding at a time when there was discord in the streets, he embraced difference and stood his ground and pushed with his quiet way of battling racism – not through force but through tolerance. It was through not harboring hate that he gained peace of mind and freedom. He was a living example to all the blacks who wanted to be free. He has touched the lives, minds, and spirits of peoples from all over the world, from impoverished countries, to ghettoes, to aspiring boxers. He continues to make a difference in the lives of those around him, contributing to research centers and humanitarian works, gracing Make-A-Wish-Foundation and soup kitchens. Even if his claim to fame have been his powerful fists, more lasting was the kindness that his hands have shared to countless people. Muhammad Ali was known for wit, charm, and cocky, especially his famous proclamation, â€Å"I am the greatest†.   And the world agrees.

When To Use Accents and Diacritical Marks in Spanish

The most immediately obvious difference between written Spanish and written English is Spanishs use of written accents, and occasionally of diereses (also known as umlauts). Both of these features are known as diacritical marks. Beginning Spanish students usually learn right away that the main use of the accent is to help with pronunciation, and specifically in telling the speaker which syllable of a word should be stressed. However, accents also have other uses, such as distinguishing between certain homonyms, parts of speech, and indicating a question. The only use of the dieresis is to assist in pronunciation. Here are the basic rules for using the written accent and the dieresis: Stress The rules for determining which syllable should be stressed are quite simple in Spanish. Accents are used to indicate exceptions to the rules. Here are the basic rules: If a word ends in a vowel, the letter s, or the letter n, the stress is on the next to last syllable.In other words without an accent, the stress is on the last syllable. Simply put, if the stress is on a syllable other than that indicated above, an accent is used to indicate where the stress is placed. Following are a few examples, with the approximate pronunciation in phonetic English. Note that a vowel may either gain or lose an accent when a word is put into plural or singular form. See the rules on pluralization for other examples. examen (egg-SAH-men)exà ¡menes (eggs-SAH-men-ess)muà ±Ãƒ ³n (moon-YOHN)muà ±ones (moon-YOHN-ness)cancià ³n (kahn-SEEOHN)canciones (kahn-SEEOHN-ess) Distinguishing Homonyms Homonym pairs are separate words that have different meanings even though they sound alike. Here are some of the most common ones: de, of, from; dà © first- and third-person singular subjunctive form of dar, to give)el, the; à ©l, hemas, but; mà ¡s, moremi, my; mà ­, me;se, a reflexive and indirect object pronoun used in various ways; sà ©, I knowsi, if; sà ­, yessolo, only (adjective), single, alone; sà ³lo, only (adverb), solelyte, you (as an object); tà ©, teatu, your; tà º, you Demonstrative Pronouns Although the spelling reform of 2010 means they arent strictly necessary except to avoid confusion, accents also are traditionally used in Spanish on demonstrative pronouns to distinguish them from demonstrative adjectives. Talk about demonstrative parts of speech might sound like a mouthful, so its probably best to remember that in English were simply talking about the words this, that, these and those. In English, those words can be either adjectives or pronouns. In I like this book, this is an adjective; in I like this, this is a pronoun, since it stands for a noun. Here are the same sentences in Spanish: Me gusta este libro, I like this book. Me gusta à ©ste, translated as either I like this or I like this one. Note that when used as a pronoun, à ©ste traditionally has a written accent. In Spanish the demonstrative pronouns in the singular masculine form are à ©ste, à ©se, and aquà ©l, and the corresponding adjectives are este, ese, and aquel. Although distinguishing the meanings of these pronouns goes beyond the scope of this lesson, suffice it to say here that este/à ©ste corresponds roughly to this, while both ese/à ©se and aquel/aquà ©l can be translated as that. Items with which aquel/aquà ©l are used are farther from the speaker. Quiero aquel libro could be translated as I want the book thats over there. The following chart shows the various forms of the demonstrative pronouns (with the traditional accents) and adjectives, including the feminine and plural forms: Quiero este libro, I want this book. Quiero à ©ste, I want this one. Quiero estos libros, I want these books. Quiero à ©stos, I want these ones. Quiero esta camisa, I want this shirt. Quiero à ©sta, I want this one. Quiero estas camisas, I want these shirts. Quiero à ©stas, I want these ones.Quiero ese libro, I want that book. Quiero à ©se, I want that one. Quiero esos libros, I want those books. Quiero à ©sos, I want those ones. Quiero esa camisa, I want that shirt. Quiero à ©sa, I want that one. Quiero esas camisas, I want those shirts. Quiero à ©sas, I want those ones.Quiero aquel libro, I want that book over there. Quiero aquà ©l, I want that one over there. Quiero aquellos libros, I want those books over there. Quiero aquà ©llos, I want those ones over there. Quiero aquellas camisas, I want those shirts over there. Quiero aquà ©llas, I want those ones over there. There are also neuter variations of these pronouns (eso, esto, and aquello), and they are not accented because there are no corresponding neuter adjective forms. Interrogatives: A number of words are accented when they are used in a question (including an indirect question) or exclamation, but they arent otherwise accented. Such words are listed below:  ¿Adà ³nde? Where (to)? ¿Adà ³nde vas? Where are you going? ¿Cà ³mo? How? ¿Cà ³mo està ¡s? How are you? ¿Cuà ¡l?  ¿Cuà ¡les? Which one? Which ones? ¿Cuà ¡l es mà ¡s caro? Which one is more expensive? ¿Cuà ¡ndo? When?  ¿Cuà ¡ndo sales? When are you leaving? ¿Cuà ¡nto?  ¿Cuà ¡nta?  ¿Cuà ¡ntos?  ¿Cuà ¡ntas? How much? How many?  ¿Cuà ¡ntos pesos cuesta el libro? How many pesos does the book cost? ¿Dà ³nde? Where?  ¿De dà ³nde es usted? Where are you from? ¿Por quà ©? Why?  ¿Por quà © vas? Why are you going? ¿Quà ©? What? Which?  ¿Quà © libro prefieres? What book do you prefer? ¿Quià ©n?  ¿Quienes? Who? Whom?  ¿Quià ©nes quieren mi libro? Who wants my book? Diereses: The dieresis (or umlaut) is used above the u when the u is sounded in the combinations of gà ¼i or gà ¼e. Without the umlaut, known as la dià ©resis or la crema in Spanish, the u would be silent, serving only to indicate that the g is pronounced as a hard g rather than similar to the j. (For example, guey with no umlaut would sound something like gay.) Among the words with umlauts are vergà ¼enza, shame; cigà ¼eà ±a, stork or crank; pingà ¼ino, penguin; and agà ¼ero, prediction.

Germany as a Victim - 1451 Words

Germany as a Victim On the 16th June the German government, lead by Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, were presented with the Treaty of Versailles. They were originally given 14, and then 21 days, to agree to it. The treaty, which included some 440 Articles, was not as vindictive as Clemenceau had wanted nor as moderate as Lloyd George would have wished. It certainly fell far short of the conciliatory features of Wilsons fourteen point proposals. (Evans and Jenkins) However, in order to decipher whether the end results were destructive to Germany or not, it is necessary to asses not only the main points of the treaty (including military provisions, territory, financial provisions, war guilt and the†¦show more content†¦The most obvious term was the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France. Schleswig was also returned to Denmark after it had been annexed by Bismark. Also Eupen and Malmedy were to go to Belgium. This act is thought to be justified by the fact that much of Belgiums industry was destroyed du ring to war, whilst Germany remained relatively untouched. The Saar Basin was also to be overseen by the League of Nations, the Saar coalfield by France, for fifteen years. This amounted to 13% of German territory and 12% of the population - half of which were ethnic Germans. Lloyd George claimed that I cannot conceive any greater cause of future war than that the German people should be surrounded by small states . . . each of them containing large masses of Germans clamouring for reunion with their homeland It also took away much of their industry including 48% iron ore, 16% coal, and15% agricultural production. 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